Athletics Paralympics” comes from the Greek prefix “para” (beside or alongside) and “Olympic”. The Paralympics serve as a parallel to the Olympics, demonstrating its coexistence

The Paralympic Games are an international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities such as impaired muscle power, passive range of movement, limb deficiency, leg length difference, short stature, hypertonia, ataxia, athetosis, vision impairment, and intellectual impairment.

The first Paralympic Games were held in Rome, Italy in 1960, with 400 participants representing 23 countries. Since then, they have occurred every four years. As of 2016, the summer Paralympic games includes 22 sports and 526 medal events. The IPC has established ten disabilities.

The Paralympic Games are divided into groups based on disability, geography, medal statistics from 1960-2016, and players who have competed in both games. The game has grown in popularity worldwide since its inception. The information was gathered from va.

Paralympic Games  Introduction

Paralympic Games feature athletes with various disabilities, such as impaired muscle power (e.g. paraplegia and quadriplegia, muscular dystrophy, post-polio syndrome, spina bifida), impaired passive range of movement, limb deficiency (e.g. amputation or dysmelia), leg length difference, short stature, hypertonia, ataxia, athetosis, vision impairment, and intellectual impairment.

Since the 1988 Summer Games in Seoul, South Korea, the winter and summer Paralympic Games have been held shortly after the Olympic Games. The International Paralympic Committee (IPC) governs the Paralympic Games.

The Athletics Paralympics have evolved from a tiny gathering of British World War II veterans in 1948 to one of the major international athletic events in the early 21st century. Paralympians struggle.

Despite equal treatment for non-disabled Olympic athletes, there remains a significant funding disparity between Olympic and Paralympic participants.
The Paralympic Games run concurrently with the Olympic Games, while the IOC-recognized Special Olympics World Games feature athletes with intellectual disabilities and the Deaflympics feature deaf competitors.

Paralympic competitors compete in multiple divisions to accommodate their diverse disabilities. Allowable disabilities are classified into 10 disability kinds.

The criteria include decreased muscle power, passive range of action, limb deficit, leg length difference, short stature, hypertonia, ataxia, athetosis, vision impairment, and cognitive impairment. These categories are further divided into classes that vary.

A Review Study on Paralympic Games

International Journal of Sports and Physical Education (IJSPE) Page | 20
from sport to sport. The classification system has led to cheating controversies revolving around
athletes who over-stated their disabilities, in addition to the use of performance-enhancing drug
Athletes with disabilities did compete in the Olympic Games prior to the advent of the Paralympics.

The first athlete to do so was German American gymnast George Eyser in 1904, which had one
artificial leg. Hungarian KarolyTakacs competed in shooting events in both the 1948 and 1952
Summer Olympics.

He was a right-arm amputee and could shoot left-handed. Another disabled athlete
to appear in the Olympics prior to the Paralympic Games was Lis Hartel, a Danish equestrian athlete
who had contracted polio in 1943 and won asilyer medal in the dressage event.

Athletics Paralympics Present study was an attempted to find out several directions of Paralympic games its origination and
history of development, relationship with Olympic games, several events included according to the
degree and types of disability, different group division of Paralympic games, geography of
Paralympic games hosted, medal statistics of India in Paralympic games from 1960 to 2016 and the
list of the players who had participated in Paralympic and Olympic games simultaneously etc.

For that purpose it was reviewed from the origination of this game up to the present status where the
tremendous popularity of the games reached in every corner of the globe. The information were
collected from various resources and reviewed thoroughly and presented in the present paper.

1.1.Relationship with Olympic

Athletics Paralympics In 2001 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee
(IPC) signed an agreement which guaranteed that host cities would be contracted to manage both the
Olympic and Paralympic Games. This agreement was to remain in effect until the 2012 Summer
Gems but was extended, encompassing all summer and winter games up until the 2020 Summer
Olympics.

2. HISTORY OF Athletics Paralympics

Sport for athletes with impairment has existed for more than 100 years, and the first sport clubs for the
deaf were already in existence in 1888 in Berlin. It was not until after World War II however, that it
was widely introduced. The purpose of it at that time was to assist the large number of war veterans
and civilians who had been injured during wartime.

In 1944, at the request of the British Government, Dr. Ludwig Guttmann opened a spinal injuries
center at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Great Britain, and in time, rehabilitation sport evolved to
recreational sport and then to competitive sport. On 29 July 1948, the day of the Opening Ceremony
of the London 1948 Olympic Games, Dr.

Guttmann organized the first competition for wheelchair

athletes which he named the Stoke Mandeville Games, a milestone in Paralympics history. They
involved 16 injured servicemen and women who took part in archery. In 1952, Dutch ex-servicemen
joined the Movement and the International Stoke Mandeville Games were founded.

These Games later became the Paralympic Games which first took place in Rome, Italy in 1960
featuring 400 athletes from 23 countries. Since then they have taken place every four years. In 1976
the first Winter Games in Paralympics history were held in Sweden, and as with the Summer Games,
have taken place every four years. Since the Summer Games of Seoul, Korea in 1988 and the Winter
Games in Albertville, France in 1992 the Games have also taken part in the same cities and venues as

the Olympics due to an agreement between the IPC and IOC.

Also in 1960, under the aegis of the World Federation of ex-servicemen, an International Working
Group on Sport for the Disabled was set up to study the problems of sport for persons with an
impairment. It resulted in the creation, in 1964, of the International Sport Organization for the
Disabled (IOSD) who offered opportunities for those athletes who could not affiliate to the
International Stoke Mandeville Games: visually impaired, amputees, persons with cerebral palsy and
paraplegics.

At the start, 16 countries were affiliated to ISOD and the organization pushed very hard to include
blind and amputee athletes into the Toronto 1976 Paralympics and athletes with cerebral palsy in 1980
in Arnhem. Its aim was to embrace all impairments in the future and to act as a Co-Coordinating
Committee. Nevertheless, other disability-orientated international organizations such as the Cerebral
Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association (CPISRA) and International Blind Sports.

Federation (IBSA) were founded in 1978 and 1980.

The four international organizations experienced the need of coordinating the Games so they created
the “International Co-Coordinating Committee Sports for the Disabled in the World” (ICC) inA Review Study on Paralympic Games

International Journal of Sports and Physical Education (IJSPE) Page | 21
1982.The ICC was originally composed of the four presidents of CPISRA, IBSA, ISMGF and ISOD,
the general secretaries and one additional member (in the beginning it was the Vice-President, and
later on the Technical Officer).

The International Committee of Sport for the Deaf (CISS) and
International Sports Federations for Persons with an Intellectual Disability (INAS-FID) joined in
1986, but the deaf still maintained their own organization.

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